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        • Earn interest on Ethereum
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        • What is APY in Crypto?
        • Yield Farming Platforms
        • Yield Farming vs Staking
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        • Best DeFi Apps
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        • Best DEX Coins
        • DAO Crypto Projects
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    • Bitcoin Price Prediction
      • ALICE Price Prediction
      • ApeCoin Price Prediction
      • Axie Infinity Prediction
      • Battle Infinity Prediction
      • Cardano Price Prediction
      • Chia Coin Price Prediction
      • DeFi Coin Price Prediction
      • Dogecoin Price Prediction
      • Dogelon Mars Prediction
      • Ethereum Price Prediction
      • Floki Inu Price Prediction
      • Hoge Coin Price Prediction
      • LBLOCK Price Prediction
      • LUNA Price Prediction
      • Pi Coin Price Prediction
      • Polygon Price Prediction
      • SafeMoon Price Prediction
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    • Best Altcoins
      • Buy Battle Infinity
      • Buy Bitcoin Cash
      • Buy Binance Coin
      • Buy Celo
      • Buy Cardano
      • Buy Cartesi
      • Buy Chiliz
      • Buy Cronos
      • Buy Dash
      • Buy EOS
      • Buy ENS
      • Buy Ethereum
      • Buy Ethereum Classic
      • Buy FTX Token
      • Buy HBAR
      • Buy IOST
      • Buy IOTA
      • Buy Litecoin
      • Buy Livepeer
      • Buy Loopring
      • Buy Lucky Block
      • Buy LUNA 2.0
      • Buy LUNC
      • Buy Neo
      • Buy Pitbull Coin
      • Buy Polkadot
      • Buy RadioCaca
      • Buy Solana
      • Buy Spark
      • Buy VeChain
      • Buy XRP
      • Buy ZCash
    • Best Crypto Exchanges
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      • Binance Review
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      • Margin Trading Exchanges
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    • Best Meme Coins
      • Best Dog Cryptos
      • Buy Baby Doge
      • Buy Dogecoin
      • Buy Floki Inu
      • Buy Kiba Inu
      • Buy Shiba Inu
      • Buy Tamadoge
    • Best DeFi Coins
      • Buy 1inch
      • Buy Aave
      • Buy Algorand
      • Buy Ankr
      • Buy Avalanche
      • Buy Balancer
      • Buy Bancor
      • Buy Chainlink
      • Buy Compound
      • Buy Cosmos
      • Buy Curve
      • Buy DeFi Coin
      • Buy DYDX
      • Buy Fantom
      • Buy Kyber Network
      • Buy Maker
      • Buy Polygon
      • Buy Ren
      • Buy Serum
      • Buy Storj
      • Buy Sushiswap
      • Buy Tezos
      • Buy Uniswap
    • Best Web 3.0 Coins
      • Buy Basic Attention Token
      • Buy Biconomy
      • Buy Filecoin
      • Buy Theta
  • NFTs
    • How To Buy NFTs
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      • Best Utility NFT Projects
      • Buy NFTs on Binance
      • How to Flip NFTs
      • Make Money With NFTs
    • Best Metaverse Coins
      • Buy ApeCoin
      • Buy Axie Infinity
      • Buy Decentraland
      • Buy DeFi Kingdoms
      • Buy Enjin
      • Buy Gala
      • Buy GMT
      • Buy Immutable X
      • Buy The Sandbox
    • NFT News
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      • Cheapest NFT Projects
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      • New NFT Projects
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      • Sport NFT Drops
    • Invest in the Metaverse
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      • How to Invest in NFTs
      • Metaverse Projects
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      • How to Day Trade Stocks
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      • Islamic Brokers
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      • Best Forex Signals
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Business 2 Community
  • Investing
      • Best Cryptos
      • Best Beginner Cryptos
      • Best Crypto Under $1
      • Best Crypto Winter Tokens
      • Best Emerging Cryptos
      • Best ERC20 Tokens
      • Best Future Cryptocurrency
      • Best Utility Tokens
      • Coins to Buy on the Dip
      • Fastest Growing Crypto
      • Hottest Cryptos Right Now
      • Most Promising Cryptos
      • Next Crypto to Explode
      • Invest in Crypto
      • How to Invest in Bitcoin
      • How to Invest in DeFi
      • Long Term Investments
      • Low Market Cap Cryptos
      • Most Undervalued Cryptos
      • Penny Cryptocurrencies
      • New Cryptos
      • Best Crypto ICOs
      • Best Crypto IDOs
      • Best Crypto IEOs
      • Best Crypto STOs
      • Best Crypto Crowdsales
      • Best Crypto Presales
      • Best Crypto Private Sales
      • Buying Coins Pre Launch
      • Crypto Games
      • Best Blockchain Games
      • Best GameFi Cryptos
      • Best Gaming Crypto Coins
      • Best Play to Earn Games
      • Crypto News
      • Best Crypto Reddit
      • Best Crypto Signals
      • Crypto Tiktok Trends
      • Crypto Youtube Channels
      • Twitter Crypto Trends
      • Crypto Wallets
      • Best Cardano Wallets
      • Best DeFi Wallets
      • Best Ethereum Wallets
      • Best XRP Wallets
      • Crypto Bank Accounts
      • How to Spend Bitcoin
      • How to Spend Ethereum
      • Bitcoin Casinos
      • Best Bitcoin Gambling Sites
      • Best Crypto Lotteries
      • Bitcoin Blackjack Sites
      • Bitcoin Roulette Sites
      • Bitcoin Slots Sites
      • Ethereum Casinos
      • Earn Free Crypto
      • Best Crypto Airdrops
      • Best Crypto Faucets
      • Best Crypto Giveaways
      • Earn Free Bitcoin
      • Make Money With Crypto
      • Earn Interest on Crypto
      • Aqru Review
      • Best Staking Coins
      • Crypto Interest Accounts
      • Crypto Lending Platforms
      • Crypto Loan Sites
      • Crypto Savings Accounts
      • Crypto Staking
      • Earn Interest on Bitcoin
      • Earn interest on Ethereum
      • Earn Interest on Stables
      • What is APY in Crypto?
      • Yield Farming Platforms
      • Yield Farming vs Staking
      • DeFi Crypto Guides
      • Best DeFi Apps
      • Best DeFi Interest Rates
      • Best DEX Coins
      • DAO Crypto Projects
      • DeFi Lending Platforms
      • DeFi Staking Platforms
      • DeFi Swap Exchange
      • DeFi Yield Farming
      • Worldwide Crypto Guides
      • Best Africa Crypto Projects
      • Best Asia Crypto Projects
      • Best China Crypto Projects
      • Best Dubai Crypto Projects
      • Buy Bitcoin AU
      • Buy Bitcoin CA
      • Buy Bitcoin DE
      • Buy Bitcoin SG
      • Buy Bitcoin UAE
      • Buy Bitcoin UK
      • Buy Bitcoin ZA
      • Crypto Exchanges AU
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      • Bitcoin Mining Sites
      • Best Coins to Mine
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      • Monero Mining
      • Crypto Marketing
      • Financial PR Agencies
      • ICO Marketing
      • Web3 Marketing
  • Cryptocurrency
      • Buy Crypto
      • Buy Bitcoin
      • Buy BTC with Apple Pay
      • Buy BTC with Credit Card
      • Buy BTC with Bank Wire
      • Buy BTC with eToro
      • Buy BTC with Paypal
      • Buy BTC with Prepaid Card
      • Bitcoin Price Prediction
      • ALICE Price Prediction
      • ApeCoin Price Prediction
      • Axie Infinity Prediction
      • Battle Infinity Prediction
      • Cardano Price Prediction
      • Chia Coin Price Prediction
      • DeFi Coin Price Prediction
      • Dogecoin Price Prediction
      • Dogelon Mars Prediction
      • Ethereum Price Prediction
      • Floki Inu Price Prediction
      • Hoge Coin Price Prediction
      • LBLOCK Price Prediction
      • LUNA Price Prediction
      • Pi Coin Price Prediction
      • Polygon Price Prediction
      • SafeMoon Price Prediction
      • Samoyed Coin Prediction
      • Shiba Inu Price Prediction
      • Stepn GMT Price Prediction
      • SXP Coin Price Prediction
      • VeChain Price Prediction
      • XRP Price Prediction
      • Best Altcoins
      • Buy Battle Infinity
      • Buy Bitcoin Cash
      • Buy Binance Coin
      • Buy Celo
      • Buy Cardano
      • Buy Cartesi
      • Buy Chiliz
      • Buy Cronos
      • Buy Dash
      • Buy EOS
      • Buy ENS
      • Buy Ethereum
      • Buy Ethereum Classic
      • Buy FTX Token
      • Buy HBAR
      • Buy IOST
      • Buy IOTA
      • Buy Litecoin
      • Buy Livepeer
      • Buy Loopring
      • Buy Lucky Block
      • Buy LUNA 2.0
      • Buy LUNC
      • Buy Neo
      • Buy Pitbull Coin
      • Buy Polkadot
      • Buy RadioCaca
      • Buy Solana
      • Buy Spark
      • Buy VeChain
      • Buy XRP
      • Buy ZCash
      • Best Crypto Exchanges
      • Best Altcoin Exchange
      • Best Metaverse Platforms
      • Best Crypto Apps
      • Best DeFi Exchange
      • Best P2P Exchange
      • Binance Referral Bonus
      • Binance vs Coinbase
      • Binance Review
      • Best Binance Alternatives
      • Best Coinbase Alternatives
      • Bitstamp Review
      • Bitstamp Sign Up Bonus
      • Coinbase Review
      • Coinbase Sign Up Bonus
      • Crypto.com Review
      • Crypto.com Sign Up Bonus
      • Crypto.com Visa Card
      • Crypto Credit Cards
      • Crypto Tax Software
      • Margin Trading Exchanges
      • Social Trading Platforms
      • Best Meme Coins
      • Best Dog Cryptos
      • Buy Baby Doge
      • Buy Dogecoin
      • Buy Floki Inu
      • Buy Kiba Inu
      • Buy Shiba Inu
      • Buy Tamadoge
      • Best DeFi Coins
      • Buy 1inch
      • Buy Aave
      • Buy Algorand
      • Buy Ankr
      • Buy Avalanche
      • Buy Balancer
      • Buy Bancor
      • Buy Chainlink
      • Buy Compound
      • Buy Cosmos
      • Buy Curve
      • Buy DeFi Coin
      • Buy DYDX
      • Buy Fantom
      • Buy Kyber Network
      • Buy Maker
      • Buy Polygon
      • Buy Ren
      • Buy Serum
      • Buy Storj
      • Buy Sushiswap
      • Buy Tezos
      • Buy Uniswap
      • Best Web 3.0 Coins
      • Buy Basic Attention Token
      • Buy Biconomy
      • Buy Filecoin
      • Buy Theta
  • NFTs
      • How To Buy NFTs
      • Best NFT Apps
      • Best NFT Games
      • Best NFT Giveaways
      • Best NFT Lawyers
      • Best NFT Lottery Sites
      • Best NFT Presales
      • Best NFT Wallets
      • Best Utility NFT Projects
      • Buy NFTs on Binance
      • How to Flip NFTs
      • Make Money With NFTs
      • Best Metaverse Coins
      • Buy ApeCoin
      • Buy Axie Infinity
      • Buy Decentraland
      • Buy DeFi Kingdoms
      • Buy Enjin
      • Buy Gala
      • Buy GMT
      • Buy Immutable X
      • Buy The Sandbox
      • NFT News
      • Celebrity Backed NFTs
      • Celebrity NFT Owners
      • Cheapest NFT Projects
      • Coolest NFT Projects
      • Most Expensive NFTs
      • New NFT Projects
      • NFT Calendar
      • NFT Horse Racing Projects
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      • Invest in the Metaverse
      • Best Metaverse Apps
      • Best Metaverse Games
      • How to Invest in NFTs
      • Metaverse Projects
      • Metaverse Real Estate
      • NFT Land Projects
      • Best NFTs To Buy
      • Azuki NFTs
      • CryptoPunks NFTs
      • Lucky Block NFTs
      • PolygonPunks NFTs
      • Prime Ape Planet NFTs
      • VeeFriends NFTs
      • World of Women NFTs
      • NFT Marketplaces
      • Binance
      • Crypto.com
      • DraftKings
      • Looksrare
      • Magic Eden
      • NFT Launchpad
      • NFT Music Platforms
      • OpenSea
      • Rarible
  • Stocks
      • Types of Stocks
      • Best Biotech Stocks
      • Best Bitcoin ETFs
      • Best Blockchain Stocks
      • Best Cannabis Stocks
      • Best Cheap Stocks
      • Best DeFi Stocks
      • Best Dividend Stocks
      • Best Meme Stocks
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      • Best NFT Stocks
      • Best Oil Stocks
      • Best Penny Stocks
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      • Best 5G Stocks
      • Best Upcoming IPOs
      • Most Undervalued Stocks
      • Company Stocks
      • Buy Adobe Stock
      • Buy Alibaba Stock
      • Buy Alphabet Stock
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      • Buy AT&T Stock
      • Buy Disney Stock
      • Buy DocuSign Stock
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      • Buy Oil Stocks
      • Buy Stocks on eToro
      • Buy Stocks via Credit Card
      • Buy Stocks with PayPal
      • Invest in Stocks
      • Invest in NFT Stocks
    • Trading
        • Best Trading Platforms
        • Best Investment Apps
        • Capital.com Review
        • Copy Trading Platforms
        • Demo Accounts for Stocks
        • Day Trading Platforms UK
        • eToro Review
        • eToro Review UK
        • eToro Review ZA
        • How to Day Trade Stocks
        • How to Trade Commodities
        • How to Trade Crypto
        • How to Trade ETFs
        • How to Trade Gold
        • How to Trade NFTs
        • How to Trade Oil
        • Islamic Brokers
        • Low Margin Rate Brokers
        • Paper Trading Platforms
        • XTB Review
        • Best Forex Brokers
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        • Best Forex Brokers CA
        • Best Forex Brokers IN
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        • Best Forex Signals
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        • High Leverage Brokers
        • Low Spread Forex Brokers
        • Trading Robots
        • Algorithmic Trading
        • Bitcode AI Review
        • BitiCodes Review
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    Digital & Social⟩Digital Marketing

    FTC Endorsement Guidelines: What Agencies Need to Know

    author imageConnor Brooke Last updated: 19 June 2015
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    In 2009, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) came out with guidelines regarding disclosure of endorsements that were significantly updated to take into account the ever-expanding domain of online advertising and social media. The underlying purpose was straight forward – that word-of-mouth advertising campaigns online should, in fairness to consumers, disclose when someone writing a review, talking about a product or otherwise promoting a product of business, was being paid or compensated for their services. Reading and then understanding said guidelines in the Federal Register caused many a migraine for marketers. In response, using my expertise as an attorney, I compiled a quick flowchart which summarizes the important points for bloggers and podcasters alike helping them to understand when disclosure was necessary.

    Since that time in 2009, the world of social media and social media marketing has grown and changed dramatically. When each new digital and social channel comes along, they are often quickly followed by new, creative ways to use the channel for marketing. As a result, the FTC has had to play a constant game of catch-up to make sure that consumers have a fighting chance to sort out authentic comments from friends about the latest trend or product, from those that are posting and working as an “influencer” at the behest of marketing firms.

    The FTC decided this week to give us all a little more guidance about what sort of posts require disclosure and what does not when talking about brands and products online. They issued another guide covering the common questions about disclosure of endorsements across social media and have even put out four videos to help explain where they stand on these issues. The FTC states:

    The Guides, at their core, reflect the basic truth-in-advertising principle that endorsements must be honest and not misleading. An endorsement must reflect the honest opinion of the endorser and can’t be used to make a claim that the product’s marketer couldn’t legally make.

    In addition, the Guides say if there’s a connection between an endorser and the marketer that consumers would not expect and it would affect how consumers evaluate the endorsement, that connection should be disclosed. For example, if an ad features an endorser who’s a relative or employee of the marketer, the ad is misleading unless the connection is made clear. The same is usually true if the endorser has been paid or given something of value to tout the product. The reason is obvious: Knowing about the connection is important information for anyone evaluating the endorsement.

    Ok, so what does this mean in practice?

    First of all, the FTC has actually done a great job in the new guidelines (and in the shorter and sweeter FAQ) to cover social media promotions and endorsement scenarios, and anyone who is producing content or sharing posts about products, services, and brands online should give them a read. It’s not painful, I promise.

    Long-Form Posts

    In blog posts, Facebook updates and the like, where post length is not much of an issue, a writer should basically disclose whether they received a product for free or received payment for the post about a brand, product or service in the text. For agencies, this means disclosing posts that mention clients as clients is important, and making sure any influencers employed for promotional purposes know specifically what their disclosure obligations are, in order to stay within the rules. This is important because if the FTC takes issue with a campaign, everyone from the influencers to the marketing company to the Brand are subject to substantial fines for not following guidelines. Given the FTC’s recent enforcement actions, we suspect that this means everyone has been put on notice, so to speak, and we can only expect that fines will get larger and uglier in the future.

    What about Short-Form platforms?

    The questions about disclosure start to get trickier when we start talking about marketing campaigns on platforms like Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, SnapChat and the like. With limited space, what constitutes adequate disclosure? Add in the emergence of mobile and mobile marketing, and it is a brave new world of advertising and required disclosure to avoid fines.

    In recent decisions discussed in more detail below, the FTC has hinted that hashtags such as #ad, #sponsored or #client would be adequate. Some sort of disclosure has to take place, and it’s pretty clear that the disclosure needs to accompany the content, not be hidden in someplace more obscure, such as in a profile, or elsewhere on a website.

    From Brand and Agency perspective, such disclosures seem to take away some of the word-of-mouth magic that we would all like to see when things are retweeted and propagated throughout social media. We all should be concerned about whether a person, influencer or not, would be as willing to share a tweet labeled #ad as they might otherwise be of typical content shared by a friend. However, that’s the FTC’s point- people should understand, clearly and distinctly, what’s marketing and what’s an authentic, spontaneous recommendation from a friend. Collected pictures on a Pinterest Board, in a Flickr feed, or on Instagram, should still have some sort of disclosure. Here’s a good real life example from Instagram:

    Untitled

    This post about a craft beer place in Atlanta from Foursquare looks ok, but the hashtags used are pretty generic. If Hop City is a paying client of Foursquare, then ideally, a disclosure such as #ad or #client or #partner should be used to make sure Foursquare is not doing this just out of the kindness of their heart, but because there is a financial relationship between the two. If there is no relationship between the two, other than people have tagged Hop City as a place on Swarm or Foursquare, no changes would need to be made.

    If Foursquare is employing, either directly or through their marketing agency, specific photographers, influencers, or bloggers to go around a City and take pictures of places listed on Foursquare and post these photos to the Foursquare-owned Instagram account, what’s required? If the influencers are posting the pictures on their own personal feeds, to ideally drive traffic to the restaurant, and they are getting paid by Foursquare or its marketing agency to do so, a disclosure should be made. If they are posting to the Foursquare account, but instead of taking pictures of all the places in a neighborhood, are picking and choosing Foursquare paying customers, there’s a clear promotional purpose and exchange of value, and disclosure should be made. If these folks are not receiving anything in exchange, and are just taking pictures and letting Foursquare use them, well, that seems just fine- it’s all about the quid pro quo.

    The PR or marketing agency involved, or Foursquare itself could be held responsible for the failure to disclose, even if the mistake was made by a blogger/poster/photographer.

    Who’s Likely to Be Under Scrutiny?

    The FTC hints that Agencies may be the first ones in the crosshairs when it comes to social media promotions. In a 2011 case involving gift certificates given to bloggers in a Hyundai Super Bowl related promotion, the FTC had this to say:

    So what does this mean for companies looking for more guidance on complying with the FTC’s Endorsement Guides? M.M.M. OK, we just made up the mnemonic, but the principles are well-established:

    1. Mandate a disclosure policy that complies with the law;
    2. Make sure people who work for you or with you know what the rules are; and
    3. Monitor what they’re doing on your behalf.

    Of course, the outcome in the Hyundai matter depended on specific facts, including non-public information submitted to the staff. And as the letter makes clear — or as clear as any sentence with four “nots” can be (Sorry, but we’re lawyers. We can’t help it.) — “Our decision not to pursue enforcement action is not to be construed as a determination that a violation may not have occurred, just as the pendency of an investigation should not be construed as a determination that a violation has occurred.”

    Quadruple negatives aside, the take-away is clear: Mandate a policy that complies with the law. Make sure your people know about it. And monitor what they’re doing.

    This is a clear message to all agencies that word-of-mouth promotions will require monitoring for adequate disclosure. We would highly recommend that there were written disclosure rules and distinct information about follow up distributed to employees of the agency and the selected influencers alike, and some sort or reporting/checkin schedule was set up to keep tabs on a campaign during its run.

    Recent Enforcement Examples

    It’s inherent in human nature to start looking for loopholes or ways around the rules in any given situation. While the FTC has said clearly that each case will be driven by its facts, the cases below start to flesh out where the FTC seems to be going regarding social marketing.

    Cole Haan and #WanderingSole on Pinterest

    The FTC investigated a promotion by Cole Haan where participants could enter a contest for a $1,000 sweepstakes prize for whoever had the most creative board on Pinterest about “Favorite places to wander.” The hashtag #WanderingSole was deemed insufficient disclosure to let people know the posts were being made for a commercial purpose- the contest and the prize were big enough to constitute a material connection. While Cole Haan eventually got a “closure letter” saying they would not be prosecuted, the FTC was clearly issuing a warning it was going to start cracking down on this sort of promotion, and fun hashtags alone were not likely to function as adequate disclosure.

    ADT, the home security folks, also got into trouble with the FTC and had to make changes in an ad campaign where they were misrepresenting paid endorsements as independent reviews across different mediums, traditional and online.

    In December 2014, the FTC entered into a settlement with Deutsch LA regarding a Sony campaign using the hashtag #GameChanger on Twitter in which inadequate disclosure of the advertising was a problem. The FTC was also clear to reiterate that disclosure rules applied to social media, and it could be expected to be more stringent with enforcement in the future. It did signal that hashtags #ad, #sponsored, or #client could be enough to make sure tweets were adequately transparent.

    Clearly, the FTC is signaling that “When in doubt, disclose” is the name of the game. That likely means any visual promotions, contests or the like using consumer-produced media on any social channel, such as Pinterest, Instagram, Twitter, Vine, Periscope – you name it – will need to have more than a cute hashtag identifying a campaign. A disclosure hashtag like #ad or #sponsored will work, but that doesn’t mean an agency couldn’t craft an alternative disclosure such as “I’m such a big deal on Twitter that X Agency gave me this awesome widget for free!”

    The rules can be summed up as:

    1. Disclosure should happen whenever there is an exchange of any value (or in the case of contests, potential value) made in exchange for online content.
    2. The disclosure must accompany the content, not hidden elsewhere, such as in profiles, or separate content, such as a second tweet.
    3. Agencies and Brands are more likely to be held responsible for deceptive content, and they are also liable for ensuring compliance from their employees/contractors/participating public, to the extent possible. A compliance/monitoring program should be part of the campaign’s rollout.

    Consumer Privacy Is Also an Issue

    Also important for agencies, Forbes also recently published an article discussing the FTC pursuing a tech company called Nomi, involved with using in store sensors (near-field communications) to track over 9 million cell phone numbers from people shopping in stores without providing an opt-out option, violating the privacy of consumers. This means before opting for a sensor-driven ad campaign, brands and agencies should be extra careful about the security of collected data, and to provide clear opt in/ opt out options for consumers.

    And let’s not forget the FTC also entered into a settlement with Twitter itself in 2011 for misleading consumers about the extent to which it protects their information and privacy, resulting in monitoring for 20 years as well as face a potential fine of $16,000 per violation,( ie. per tweet) of the agreement.

    The FTC is Serious, Folks.

    Everyone should also be aware that the FTC is opening a new “Office of Technology Research” to try to stay on top of a rapidly changing world of online payments, advertising, the internet of things, and the like, in an effort to keep consumers safe.

    The FTC has awoken from slumber, and it’s taking the job of monitoring online communication and business practices seriously. While many of the settlements and closure letters have been relatively minor, it shows they are getting serious about enforcement across the board.

    This month, in fact, the FTC took a surprising step, when it entered into a settlement against a failed crowdfunding campaign. An individual took money from the campaign and used it for personal expenses in part, rather than fulfilling his obligations, and the FTC stepped in to negotiate a settlement to try to make donors whole. This means even when consumers willing give money to a campaign, they may have a little more protection if things go bad, when the FTC is willing to step in to help negotiate settlements in the event of fraud.

    In sum, the Wild West of digital marketing has a new sheriff in town, and he’s serious about the law. Agencies need to be aware that they are putting themselves and the brands they work with in the crosshairs when working with influencers, but we must become more serious and proactive in crafting disclosures that are clear and unequivocal. While there will always be a few mistakes, the FTC has made it clear that the days of playing fast and loose with disclosure are coming to an end.

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      This article originally appeared on SHIFT Communications and has been republished with permission.
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    Author: Connor Brooke

    Connor is a Scottish financial expert, specialising in wealth management and equity investing. Based in Glasgow, Connor writes full-time for a wide selection of financial websites, whilst also providing startup consulting to small businesses. Holding a Bachelor’s degree in Finance, and a Master’s degree in Investment Fund Management, Connor has

    … View full profile ›


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